Runako Samata: M.A. Student in Sustainable Development, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.  Tatsuhiko Kawashima: Faculty of Economics, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

This paper draws heavily upon the MA thesis of the first author (Samata 2003).  The original draft of this paper was prepared for the Investiture Ceremony Seminar for Professor John Kim on November 18, 2003, Department of Urban Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A.  The authors would like to thank Prof. J.H.P. Paelinck and other participants in the seminar for their helpful comments and suggestions that have improved earlier drafts.  The support of the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan as well as the support of the Matsushita International Foundation, are gratefully acknowledged.

１　All of the seven villages (Mae Kanai, Mae Chang, Dong Ku, Dong Luang, Huai Pla Kang, Khun Wong Thai and Khun Wong Nua) have been existing at least since the early 1970s.

２　As to the GONGOVA described in this figure, see Kawashima and Samata (2002).

３　Administratively, Ban Mae Chang consists of its major part and satellite part which is called Ban Mae Chang Bon.  The total population of Ban Mae Chang is 298 persons from 73 households; 245 persons from 54 households in the major part, and 53 persons from 19 households in its satellite part (surveyed in February through March, 2002).

４　When the term "swidden" is mentioned in the context of Thai agriculture, it mainly refers to "dry" or "upland" rice cultivation which can be clearly differentiated from "wet," "lowland" or "paddy" rice farming conducted by the lowland-Thai people (Judd 1977:137).  "Swidden agriculture" is defined, according to Conklin (1957:1; cited from Judd 1977:138), as "discontinuous cropping of particular fields which are slash-cleared and burned for one or more year's crops, and then allowed to lie fallow and return to natural vegetation for at least several years before being used again."

５　"Irrigated terrace" is generally defined as "the use of an artificial means to influence the supply of moisture to increase crop production" (Yudelman 1989:63), and the irrigated terrace does not require a fallowing period to regenerate itself as does the swidden.

６　One thang is equal to 20kg.

７　O.Bo.To. is the abbreviation of o=kaan boorihaan sùan tambon (tambon <sub-district> administration organization).

８　Ban Dong Luang has a population of 248 persons from over 60 households (in the major part of the village), and is located around 1,050 meters above sea level, higher than Ban Mae Chang.

９　The 13 households out of 63 in Ban Dong Luang did not grow any cabbage in 2002.

10　Regarding the farming activities, and the land-use pattern in the vicinity of Ban Mae Chang, see also Figure 3 and its remarks.

11　One rai is equal to 0.16 ha.

12　If we take the turning to the left, it leads us to Ban Mae Chang, which is situated 1.7km from this intersection.

13　R. Samata, the first author of this paper, surveyed the cabbage trading places four times (August 14th 2002, January 26th, March 8th and 23rd 2003), and interviewed two cabbage producers (Hmong and Skaw Karen), one cook from the restaurant and one shop owner at the kooda=-2.  At kooda=-1, we interviewed one Skaw Karen producer and one shop owner.

14　One baht is equal to around three yen in the beginning of 2003.

15　The opportunity cost in terms of the revenue of their labours and the rental price of their farmland, which otherwise would have come to their hand.

16　The road distance from Mae Ho to Bangkok and Nakhonphatom is around 900 km, while that from Mae Ho to Nakhonsawan is 650 km.  At that end of 2001, the population of Bangkok was 5.7 mil. which is close to 10% of the total population Thailand (62.3 mil.).

17　That "40 times" here means that the total number of 40 large-size trucks come to the trading place per-month during the dry season to transport the cabbage to large metropolitan areas.

18　This financing policy of the Village Fund 2002 is distinctive from the previous funding-loan policies in the sense that the maximum level of the loan amounts to 1,000,000 baht per applicant village.

19　In the involvement of cabbage cultivation, there are only two ways available for the Pwo Karen people: to adopt cabbage cultivation to supplement rice, or to work as wage labourers in the cabbage fields of the richer households inside or outside the village.