＊　Faculty of Economics, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan.

＃　Resource Management in the Asia-Pacific Program, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies,

The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.

The authors have benefited from the comments on earlier versions by Noriyuki Hiraoka as well as by the participants in the 6th IRSA International Conference on “Regional Development in Transition: Governance, Public Services and Eco-tourism,” 13-14 August 2004, Jogyakarta, Indonesia, where a recent version of this paper was presented.  The authors are indebted to Junichi Noro for his diligent work in making the computer graphs.

1)  They are alternatively called hilltribes (or hilltribe people), hill-area people, or highlanders.  In Thai language, they are often referred to as Chao-kao  (meaning “hill people”).

2)  They are: (1) educational chances and (2) practical chances.

3)  Therefore, these services can sometimes be considered as rather similar to “self-sufficient goods and services” in conjunction with their production-consumption processes.

4)  This tendency implies the existence of agglomeration economies in the sense that, from the viewpoint of participating volunteers, the quality of a volunteer-activity programme would vary depending on the number of its participants.

5)  They are: (1) the weak marketability and (2) agglomeration economies.

6)  Students from other universities than Gakushuin University can also participate, within a prescribed number, in the GONGOVA projects.

7)  The GONGOVA project has been conducted once a year since 1997.

8)  The lowland Thai sometimes call uplanders by the name which the uplanders would not like to hear such as Meo.

9)  In association of the GONGOVA projects with the work in Ban Mae Chang, such academic outcomes have been produced as Samata (2003), and Samata and Kawashima (2003 and 2004). 

10) For this case, it is to be noted that each consumer can buy no or only one ticket but no more than one ticket.

11) That is, the variable M serves as“virtual conditional variable”in our analysis.

12) That is, the quality of the volunteer-activity programme.

13)  The terminology of agglomeration economies contains the concept of agglomeration diseconomies in this paper unless otherwise mentioned.

14) For drawing Figures 5〜9 and A1〜A2, the computer software Mathematica (Wolfram Research Inc.) is applied.

15) That is,“the virtual demand for the volunteer-ticket.”

16) The actual number of the participants can be specified depending on what kind of unit is applied to M.

17) That is, as the expected number of participants parts from the of 1.0.

18) Instead of“virtual demand.”

19) We do not assume here that the AC (average cost) changes as N (demand) changes. In other words, we assume that the AC remains constant even though N changes, implying that AC curve is flat.

20) In other words, P is a decreasing function of N for any given M in our Equation (1).

21) Or, we have  as a Mathematica-friendly expression.

22) Precisely speaking, the ED curve.

23) Agglomeration economies in the context of the economic theory of clubs by Buchanan (1968).